Star Trek: Apple's First Mac OS on Intel Project

- 2005.06.13

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The first Apple proposal to move the Macintosh to Intel hardware did not begin with Mac OS X. It began in 1985, shortly after Steve Jobs' departure from Apple. The project was quickly nixed by Apple's management, but it would be revived several years later in a joint effort by Novell and Apple to port the Mac OS to the x86 processor.

Microsoft released Windows 3.1 in 1992, and it quickly became the best selling program in the industry. Both Novell and Apple were threatened by the new operating system. Novell feared that the new version of Windows (and especially the pending release of Windows NT) would interfere with its NetWare product, which held a near monopoly in PC networks.

Intel 486 SX Apple was equally threatened. Windows was not as easy to use, but Windows PCs cost less than Macs, and Windows could run standard DOS apps without add-on cards or emulation.

Novell began work modernizing Digital Research's GEM, best known as the graphical environment used on the Atari ST, and turning it into a competitor to Windows. The legal department at Novell got the jitters over the project and had it canceled, fearing that an enhanced GEM would attract a lawsuit from Apple.

Star Trek's Enterprise Darrell Miller, then Vice President of marketing at Novell, made a proposal to Apple CEO John Sculley about porting the Mac OS to Intel hardware. Sculley was thrilled by the offer - he wanted Apple to move away from the expensive hardware business and turn it into a software provider.

Intel's Andy Grove The project to bring the Mac OS to the Intel 486 began on Valentine's Day in 1992 and was named "Star Trek". The project was blessed by Intel's CEO Andy Grove, who feared Microsoft's power in the PC market.

Apple's leadership gave a deadline of October 31 (Halloween) for creating a working prototype of Star Trek. The group set to work porting the Mac OS to Intel processors.

The task was a tedious one. Much of the software was written in assembly code to make the computer faster and use less disk space. All of this code had to be totally rewritten for the 486. Other parts of the operating system were easier - most of the interface elements had been written in Pascal and only required a few modifications.

There were several other technical hurdles to overcome in porting the Mac OS to Intel processors. The software relied heavily on the ROMs in Macs, which stored much of the operating system and dictated how many GUI features behaved. It would be too expensive to create new ROMs for PC users, so the group implemented the ROMs in software, loading them during startup. (This feature would not be incorporated into Macs until 1998 with the introduction of the iMac.)

The group managed to meet its deadline and had a functional demo ready by December 1, 1992. Apple executives were amazed to see the Finder run on an ordinary PC. The engineers did more than that - QuickDraw GX and QuickTime were also ported to the x86.

With the first goal of the project completed, the engineers took a vacation in Mexico, and the management at Apple and Novell began to decide how to complete the project.

It's True Unfortunately, John Sculley's reign at Apple came to an end in the middle of the Star Trek project. The new CEO, Michael Spindler, had little interest in porting the Mac OS to the x86 and devoted most of Apple's resources to preparing System 7 for the PowerPC.

The Star Trek project was canceled, and the Mac OS would not run natively on Intel until after Apple acquired NeXT in 1996, which already had an x86-base operating system, NeXTstep.

In June 2005, Steve Jobs announced that Apple had been concurrently developing OS X on Intel and PowerPC processors for five years - and that future Macs would be based on Intel processors and future versions of Mac OS X would run on Apple's forthcoming Intel-based hardware.

Biographic Links

Nature Images, Darrell Miller, retired Executive Vice President, Novell
John Sculley, Wikipedia
Andy Grove, Wikipedia
Michael Spindler, Wikipedia

Bibliography

Some of the sources used in writing this article:

Apple: The Inside Story of Intrigue, Egomania, and Business Blunders, Jim Carlton
Infinite Loop, Michael Malone
The Second Coming of Steve Jobs, Alan Deutschman
Apple Confidential 2.0, Owen Linzmayer
Odyssey: Pepsi to Apple . . . a Journey of Adventure, Ideas & the Future, John Sculley
Wikipedia

Tom Hormby's writing can also be found on Silicon User.

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